When a ray of light that is travelling through a piece of glass strikes the interface between the glass and the air, it changes direction according to Snell’s law. If the angle of incidence is less ...

In TIRF microscopy, fluorescent molecules are in a sample in an aqueous environment that is near a solid with a high refractive index, usually a glass coverslip. At what is called the critical angle, ...

Total reflection X-rays fluorescence (TXRF) is a surface elemental analysis technique often used for the ultra-trace analysis of particles, residues, and impurities on smooth surfaces. Due to its ...