Post-translation modification of proteins by ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins, such as small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO), requires the sequential activities of E1, E2 and E3 enzymes. SUMO ...

P-type ATPases use the energy from ATP hydrolysis to pump ions across the cell membrane against a concentration gradient. They form a large family of ubiquitous membrane proteins, and carry out many ...

In all organisms, innate immune pathways sense infection and rapidly activate potent immune responses while avoiding inappropriate activation (autoimmunity). In humans, the innate immune receptor ...

The research group led by Professor Nobuo Noda of Hokkaido University reconstituted the membrane invagination process required to form autophagosomes (1) in vitro for the first time, showing that this ...