Spaceflight rewires the human body. Muscles shrink, bones thin and fluids shift towards the brain – but these changes may ...
In NASA's current missions, medical risks are manageable. There's the opportunity for emergency evacuations, real-time communications, and the ability to send samples to Earth. However, ...
Mars is an inhospitable desert planet. Billions of years ago, things were different. In Jezero Crater, for example, fed by a ...
Researchers simulated Martian permafrost and ice cap conditions in a laboratory, exposing *Escherichia coli* samples in pure water ice and water-sediment mixtures to cosmic radiation equivalent to 50 ...
Mars has two permanent polar ice caps of water ice and some dry ice, and a few patches of ice both on and under the surface.