THE Graham-Steell murmur was originally described in 1888. ¶ Since that time little factual information has been accumulated concerning this bruit. A search of the American literature during the past ...

What is responsible for the myriad physical examination findings in patients with severe aortic regurgitation, including pulsation of multiple organs? When will the murmur of aortic valve ...

The cause of this murmur has been the subject of much speculation. A glance at the various explanations 9–20 and comments regarding the Flint murmur (Table 1) demonstrates that the etiology remains ...

A heart murmur is an unusual sound heard between heartbeats. It doesn’t necessarily mean you have a heart condition, but it often requires further evaluation. During a checkup, your doctor will listen ...

Does having a heart murmur mean you have a heart problem and need heart surgery? That’s not always necessarily true. But picking up a murmur on physical exam can, in certain circumstances, literally ...

An S4 heart sound cannot be present during atrial fibrillation (atrial kick is required). An S3 heart sound cannot be present in the setting of severe mitral stenosis. An S3 heart sound can be present ...

Assessing aortic regurgitations: 100 cardiologists listened to pre-recorded heart sounds with and without Grade 1 or Grade 2 aortic regurgitation murmurs, presented in random order in the presence of ...

Auscultation Over the Tricuspid Area (the Left Lower Sternal Border) When you have completed your examination of the apex, move to the left lower sternal border. Tricuspid murmurs and some asymmetric ...

How to navigate the likelihood ratios for mitral regurgitation presented by the physical exam, particularly auscultation, are the focus of this episode of AP Cardiology with host Andrew Perry, MD, ...

ABOVE: An echocardiogram from the patient shows that the left side of the heart has severely thickened mitral valve leaflets (white arrow). LEFT: In this echocardiogram with color Doppler applied, the ...