The exchange of ideas and the ability to engage fellow citizens has always been one of the hallmarks of western societies. It was the desire to have a fully participatory society that motivated the ...

Setting aside that the Enlightenment did not end violence and self-destruction in the West (see: World War I, fascism, World War II, and the Cold War), calls for enlightenment in the Islamic world ...

Once primarily interested in economic history, Jonathan Israel has more recently turned his attention to the intellectual roots of Western modernity in the 18th-century Enlightenment. In the 1980s, ...